貨物・ 物流用語集
国際貨物運送およびサプライチェーン管理における最も重要な用語の平文定義。
すべての用語を参照
AMS (Automated Manifest System)
A US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) electronic system that requires carriers and NVOCCs to transmit cargo manifest data before arrival in the United States. AMS filing is mandatory for all ocean and air shipments entering US ports and must be completed within specific timeframes to avoid penalties and delays.
関連用語: ISF, Customs Entry
Anti-Dumping Duty
A special tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are priced below fair market value in the exporting country. Anti-dumping duties are designed to protect domestic industries from unfair competition. Rates can be substantial — sometimes exceeding 200% — and are determined through investigation by the US Department of Commerce and International Trade Commission.
関連用語: Customs Duty, HTS
Arrival Notice
A notification sent by the carrier or freight forwarder to the consignee or notify party informing them that a shipment has arrived or is about to arrive at the destination port or airport. The arrival notice typically includes vessel/flight details, container numbers, estimated arrival date, and instructions for cargo release.
関連用語: Consignee, Notify Party, Bill of Lading
ATA Carnet
An international customs document that allows the temporary duty-free import of goods into a foreign country for up to one year. Commonly used for trade show samples, professional equipment, and exhibition materials. The ATA Carnet eliminates the need to pay import duties and taxes, provided the goods are re-exported within the validity period.
関連用語: Customs Duty, Certificate of Origin
AWB (Air Waybill)
A non-negotiable transport document issued by an airline or air freight carrier for air cargo. Serves as a receipt of goods and contract of carriage but does not function as a document of title (unlike an ocean Bill of Lading).
関連用語: Bill of Lading, HAWB
BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor)
A fuel surcharge applied by ocean carriers to offset fluctuations in bunker fuel costs. Published and adjusted monthly by most carriers. Also called Bunker Surcharge or Emergency Bunker Surcharge (EBS).
関連用語: FSC, GRI
Bill of Lading (B/L)
A legally binding document issued by a carrier acknowledging receipt of cargo for shipment. Serves as: (1) receipt of goods, (2) contract of carriage, and (3) document of title. Required by the consignee to take delivery of ocean cargo.
関連用語: AWB, HBL, MBL, Telex Release
Blanket Rate
A single freight rate that applies to or from a group of origins or destinations, rather than a specific point-to-point rate. Blanket rates simplify pricing by covering a geographic area — for example, a single rate from any port in South China to any port on the US West Coast. They are commonly used in carrier tariffs and contract negotiations.
関連用語: GRI, NRA
Bonded Warehouse
A secure storage facility licensed by customs authorities where imported goods can be stored without payment of duties and taxes until they are released for domestic consumption or re-exported. Goods can remain in a US bonded warehouse for up to five years. This provides importers with cash flow flexibility and time to arrange final disposition of goods.
関連用語: Customs Bond, Customs Duty, Free Trade Zone
Booking Confirmation
A document or electronic message from the carrier confirming that space has been reserved on a specific vessel, flight, or truck for a shipment. The booking confirmation typically includes the vessel/voyage or flight number, sailing date, origin and destination ports, container type and quantity, and cut-off dates for cargo delivery and documentation.
関連用語: Carrier, ETD, Bill of Lading
Breakbulk
Cargo that is too large, too heavy, or otherwise unsuitable to fit inside a standard shipping container. Breakbulk items — such as steel beams, machinery, or construction materials — are loaded individually onto the vessel using cranes. Breakbulk shipping predates containerization and is still essential for oversized and project cargo.
関連用語: Project Cargo, Ro-Ro, Heavy Lift
Broker of Record
The licensed customs broker authorized to act on behalf of the importer of record for a specific customs entry. The Broker of Record signs and files the customs entry documentation, posts the customs bond, and is legally responsible for the accuracy of the declared information. In the US, customs brokers must hold an active license issued by CBP.
関連用語: Customs Entry, Customs Bond
CAF (Currency Adjustment Factor)
A surcharge applied by ocean carriers to compensate for exchange rate fluctuations between the currency in which freight rates are quoted and the currency of the trade lane. CAF is typically expressed as a percentage of the base freight rate and is adjusted periodically based on currency market movements.
関連用語: BAF, Surcharge
Cargo Insurance
A policy that covers physical loss or damage to goods during international transit by ocean, air, or land. Unlike carrier liability (which is limited and fault-based), cargo insurance provides broader all-risk coverage up to the full commercial value of the shipment. Institute Cargo Clauses A, B, and C define standard coverage levels.
関連用語: CIF, General Average, Marine Insurance
Carrier
The transport company that physically moves cargo from origin to destination. In ocean freight, the carrier is the shipping line (e.g., Maersk, MSC, CMA CGM). In air freight, it is the airline. In ground transport, it is the trucking or rail company. The carrier issues the master transport document (MBL or MAWB) and assumes liability under its terms of carriage.
関連用語: NVOCC, Bill of Lading, AWB
CBM (Cubic Meter)
The standard unit for measuring cargo volume in international shipping. Calculated as Length × Width × Height (in meters). Used to calculate LCL (Less Than Container Load) ocean freight charges and air freight volumetric weight.
関連用語: LCL, Volumetric Weight
Certificate of Origin
An official document that certifies the country in which the goods were manufactured or produced. Required by customs authorities at the destination to determine applicable duty rates, eligibility for preferential trade agreements (such as USMCA), and compliance with import regulations. Certificates of Origin may be issued by chambers of commerce or self-certified by the exporter.
関連用語: HTS, Customs Duty, USMCA
CFS (Container Freight Station)
A facility where LCL cargo from multiple shippers is consolidated into containers (at origin CFS) or deconsolidated after arrival (at destination CFS). Also called a stuffing/stripping depot.
関連用語: LCL, CY
Chassis
A wheeled steel frame used to transport shipping containers over the road. Truckers pick up a chassis at the port terminal or a chassis pool, mount the container on it, and haul it to its destination. Chassis shortages at major US ports can cause significant delays and additional costs for drayage operations.
関連用語: Drayage, Container, CY
CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)
An Incoterm where the seller pays for ocean freight and minimum cargo insurance to the destination port. Risk transfers to the buyer when goods are on board the vessel at origin. Technically for non-containerized cargo only — use CIP for containers.
関連用語: FOB, CIP, Incoterms
CLP (Container Load Plan)
A document detailing how cargo is arranged inside a container, including the position, weight, and description of each piece or pallet. The CLP is important for weight distribution, safety during transit, and efficient unloading at destination. It is also used by customs and terminal operators for verification purposes.
関連用語: FCL, Stuffing, Packing List
Commodity Code
A numerical classification assigned to a product for customs, statistical, and tariff purposes. In international trade, the Harmonized System (HS) code serves as the universal commodity code, with the first six digits standardized globally. Each country may add additional digits for finer classification. Correct commodity coding is essential for duty calculation and regulatory compliance.
関連用語: HTS, Customs Duty
Consignee
The party named in the transport document (Bill of Lading or Air Waybill) as the intended recipient of the cargo at the destination. The consignee has the right to take delivery of the goods and is typically the buyer or their appointed agent. In the US, the consignee is often also the importer of record.
関連用語: Shipper, Notify Party, Bill of Lading
Consolidator
A freight forwarder or NVOCC that combines (consolidates) smaller shipments from multiple shippers into a single container or unit load for more efficient and cost-effective transportation. At destination, the consolidated cargo is deconsolidated and delivered to individual consignees. Consolidation is the foundation of LCL ocean freight and groupage air freight services.
関連用語: LCL, NVOCC, Groupage
Customs Bond
A financial guarantee required by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) ensuring that all duties, taxes, and fees owed to the government will be paid. There are two types: a single-entry bond (for one-time imports) and a continuous bond (covering all imports for a 12-month period). The bond amount is typically set at the greater of $50,000 or 10% of total duties paid in the prior year.
関連用語: Customs Entry, Customs Duty, Broker of Record
Customs Duty
A tax levied by a government on goods imported into the country. The duty rate is determined by the product's HTS classification and the country of origin. Duty rates can be ad valorem (percentage of value), specific (fixed amount per unit), or compound (combination of both). Additional duties such as anti-dumping or countervailing duties may also apply.
関連用語: HTS, Anti-Dumping Duty, Customs Entry
Customs Entry
The formal declaration filed with customs authorities providing details about imported goods, including their description, value, origin, and tariff classification. In the US, the customs entry must be filed within 15 calendar days of the cargo's arrival. The entry triggers the assessment of duties and taxes and initiates the release process for the goods.
関連用語: Customs Bond, HTS, Broker of Record
CY (Container Yard)
An area at the port terminal where full containers (FCL) are received, stored, and dispatched. Different from a CFS, which handles individual cargo. CY-to-CY service means the container moves from origin terminal to destination terminal without devanning.
関連用語: CFS, FCL, Terminal
CY/CFS (Container Yard/Container Freight Station)
A combined service term indicating that a full container is picked up from the container yard at origin and deconsolidated at a container freight station at destination (or vice versa). CY/CFS is commonly used for LCL imports where cargo from multiple origins is consolidated into FCL at the origin CY and broken down for individual consignees at the destination CFS.
関連用語: CY, CFS, LCL
Dangerous Goods Declaration
A formal document completed by the shipper certifying that hazardous materials have been properly classified, packaged, marked, labeled, and are in proper condition for transport in accordance with applicable regulations (IMDG Code for ocean, IATA DGR for air). The declaration must accompany all shipments containing dangerous goods and is legally binding.
関連用語: IMDG Code, IATA
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
An Incoterm where the seller takes full responsibility for delivery to the buyer's named location, including paying all import duties and taxes. Maximum obligation for the seller; maximum simplicity for the buyer. The seller must have knowledge of import procedures at the destination.
関連用語: DAP, Incoterms, FOB
Deadfreight
A charge assessed by the carrier when a shipper books container or vessel space but fails to use the full capacity reserved. Deadfreight compensates the carrier for lost revenue on the unused space. It is commonly encountered in FCL bookings where the shipper does not fill the container or in charter party agreements where the vessel is not fully loaded.
関連用語: FCL, Booking Confirmation
Delivery Order
A document issued by the carrier, freight forwarder, or customs broker authorizing the release of cargo to the consignee or their agent. The delivery order is presented to the terminal, CFS, or warehouse to collect the goods. It is issued after all freight charges, duties, and fees have been settled and the original transport documents have been surrendered.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Consignee, Release Order
Demurrage
A penalty charge levied by the ocean carrier when a container is not returned empty to the terminal within the allotted free time after delivery. Different from detention (which is for containers held beyond the agreed off-dock free time).
関連用語: Detention, Free Time
Detention
A charge levied by the carrier when a container that has been picked up from the terminal is not returned within the allotted free time. Accrues per container per day. To be distinguished from demurrage, which is charged while the container is still at the port terminal.
関連用語: Demurrage, Free Time
Dimensional Weight
A pricing method used primarily in air freight and express courier services where the freight charge is calculated based on the package's dimensions rather than its actual weight, if the dimensional weight is greater. The formula varies by carrier but is typically (L x W x H in cm) / 5000 for express and / 6000 for air freight. Also known as volumetric weight.
関連用語: Volumetric Weight, AWB
Door-to-Door
A comprehensive shipping service where the freight forwarder manages the entire logistics chain from the shipper's premises to the consignee's facility. This includes pickup, export customs clearance, international transit, import customs clearance, and final delivery. Door-to-door service provides a single point of contact and simplifies the supply chain for the shipper.
関連用語: DDP, Drayage, Intermodal
Drayage
Short-distance trucking of containers between a port terminal, rail yard, warehouse, or final destination. Drayage is a critical link in the intermodal supply chain, connecting ocean or rail transport to the consignee's door. Drayage costs are influenced by distance, chassis availability, port congestion, and appointment scheduling.
関連用語: Chassis, Intermodal, CY
Dry Container
The most common type of shipping container, designed for general dry cargo that does not require temperature control or special ventilation. Standard dry containers come in 20-foot and 40-foot sizes, with the 40-foot high cube (9'6" tall) being the most widely used variant. Dry containers are enclosed, weatherproof, and suitable for most manufactured goods.
関連用語: High Cube Container, Reefer Container, TEU
Duty Drawback
A refund of customs duties, taxes, and fees paid on imported goods that are subsequently exported or used in the manufacture of exported goods. US duty drawback programs can recover up to 99% of duties paid. This is a valuable cost-recovery mechanism for companies that import materials for re-export or for goods that are returned unused.
関連用語: Customs Duty, Customs Entry
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
A standardized electronic format for exchanging business documents — such as purchase orders, invoices, and shipping notices — between trading partners without paper. In logistics, EDI is used to transmit booking confirmations, bills of lading, customs entries, and cargo status updates between carriers, forwarders, customs authorities, and shippers.
関連用語: AMS, Customs Entry
ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival)
The expected date and time a vessel, aircraft, or truck will arrive at the destination port, airport, or delivery point. ETAs are subject to change due to delays, weather, or routing changes.
関連用語: ETD, AIS
ETD (Estimated Time of Departure)
The expected date and time a vessel, aircraft, or truck will depart from the origin port, airport, or pickup point.
関連用語: ETA, AIS
Ex Works (EXW)
An Incoterm where the seller's only obligation is to make the goods available at their premises (factory, warehouse, or other named place). The buyer assumes all risk and cost from that point onward, including loading, export clearance, freight, and import duties. EXW places minimum responsibility on the seller and maximum responsibility on the buyer.
関連用語: FOB, DDP, Incoterms
Export License
A government authorization required for the export of certain controlled goods, technologies, or commodities. In the US, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) administers export controls under the Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Items on the Commerce Control List (CCL) may require a license depending on the destination country, end user, and intended use.
関連用語: Import License, Customs Entry
Export Packing List
A detailed document listing the contents, weight, dimensions, and packaging details of each package in an export shipment. More detailed than a standard packing list, it is used by customs authorities, freight forwarders, and carriers to verify cargo and plan loading. It includes information such as individual carton weights, dimensions, and marks and numbers.
関連用語: Packing List, Commercial Invoice
FCA (Free Carrier)
An Incoterm where the seller delivers goods, cleared for export, to a carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller's premises or a named place. Risk transfers to the buyer upon delivery to the carrier. FCA is the recommended Incoterm for containerized ocean freight, replacing the traditional FOB for container shipments.
関連用語: FOB, Incoterms, Ex Works
FCL (Full Container Load)
A shipping arrangement where a single shipper uses an entire container exclusively. The shipper is responsible for loading and the carrier is not responsible for the cargo inside (unless sealed by the carrier). Ideal for volumes over 15 CBM.
関連用語: LCL, TEU, CY
Feeder Vessel
A smaller ship used to transport containers between a regional port and a major hub port where they are transferred to or from larger mainline vessels. Feeder services connect smaller ports that cannot accommodate the largest container ships. Using feeder vessels adds transit time but extends the reach of global shipping networks to secondary ports.
関連用語: Transshipment, Vessel, Carrier
FEU (Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit)
A unit of measurement equal to one standard 40-foot shipping container. One FEU equals two TEUs (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units). FEU is used to measure cargo capacity and port throughput. The 40-foot container is the most commonly used container size in international trade, with a typical capacity of 55-58 CBM.
関連用語: TEU, FCL, High Cube Container
Flatbed
A type of truck trailer with a flat, open platform and no sides or roof. Flatbed trailers are used for oversized, overweight, or irregularly shaped cargo that cannot fit inside a standard enclosed trailer or container. Common flatbed cargo includes construction materials, machinery, steel coils, and lumber.
関連用語: Breakbulk, Heavy Lift
Flat Rack Container
A specialized shipping container with a floor and two collapsible or fixed end walls but no side walls or roof. Flat racks are used for oversized or heavy cargo that exceeds standard container dimensions — such as heavy machinery, boats, or industrial equipment. They can be loaded from the top or sides using cranes.
関連用語: Open Top Container, Project Cargo, Breakbulk
FOB (Free on Board)
An Incoterm where the seller is responsible for delivering goods to the named port of shipment and loading them onto the vessel. Risk passes to the buyer once goods are on board. Technically for bulk/breakbulk cargo — for containers, FCA is recommended.
関連用語: CIF, EXW, FCA, Incoterms
Force Majeure
A contractual clause that excuses one or both parties from performing their obligations when extraordinary events beyond their control occur — such as natural disasters, wars, pandemics, or government actions. In shipping, force majeure may excuse carriers from liability for delays, cancellations, or cargo damage caused by such events.
関連用語: Cargo Insurance, General Average
Free Time
The number of days a shipper or consignee can use a container without incurring additional charges. There are two types: port free time (days the container can stay at the terminal after vessel arrival) and detention free time (days the container can be kept off-port). Typically 4–7 days at US ports.
関連用語: Demurrage, Detention
Free Trade Zone (FTZ)
A designated area within a country where goods can be imported, stored, handled, manufactured, or re-exported without being subject to customs duties. In the US, Foreign Trade Zones are authorized by the Foreign-Trade Zones Board. Companies operating within an FTZ can defer, reduce, or eliminate customs duties on imported components and materials.
関連用語: Bonded Warehouse, Customs Duty, Duty Drawback
Freight Class
A standardized classification system used in US domestic LTL (Less Than Truckload) shipping to categorize commodities based on four characteristics: density, stowability, handling, and liability. There are 18 freight classes ranging from Class 50 (densest, lowest rate) to Class 500 (lightest, highest rate). The National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) guide assigns freight classes to specific commodities.
関連用語: LTL, Commodity Code
Freight Collect
A payment term indicating that the freight charges will be paid by the consignee (receiver) at the destination rather than the shipper at origin. The opposite of freight prepaid. Freight collect is commonly used when the buyer arranges their own freight forwarding or when the Incoterms specify that the buyer is responsible for transportation costs.
関連用語: Freight Prepaid, Consignee, Incoterms
Freight Prepaid
A payment term indicating that freight charges have been paid by the shipper before the goods are dispatched. The Bill of Lading or Air Waybill will be marked 'Freight Prepaid.' This is the standard arrangement under CIF, CIP, DDP, and other Incoterms where the seller is responsible for transportation costs.
関連用語: Freight Collect, Shipper, Incoterms
FSC (Fuel Surcharge)
A variable surcharge applied by air carriers and trucking companies to offset fuel cost fluctuations. Updated weekly or monthly based on jet fuel or diesel price indices. The air freight equivalent of the ocean BAF.
関連用語: BAF
General Average
A principle of maritime law whereby all parties to a sea voyage proportionally share losses resulting from voluntary sacrifice of cargo or expenditure made to save the vessel and its remaining cargo. When General Average is declared, all cargo owners must contribute to the loss — even if their own cargo was not damaged. Cargo insurance is essential to cover General Average contributions.
関連用語: Cargo Insurance, Marine Insurance, Bill of Lading
GRI (General Rate Increase)
A general increase in ocean freight base rates announced by carriers, typically with 30 days notice. GRIs occur when carriers want to restore profitability after periods of low rates. They may or may not hold depending on market conditions.
関連用語: BAF, Spot Rate
Gross Weight
The total weight of a shipment including the goods, all packaging materials, pallets, and the container or unit load device. Gross weight must be accurately declared on shipping documents and is verified under the SOLAS VGM (Verified Gross Mass) requirement for ocean containers. Discrepancies between declared and actual gross weight can result in delays, fines, or refused loading.
関連用語: Tare Weight, Volumetric Weight
Groupage
The consolidation of multiple smaller shipments from different shippers into a single larger shipment for more economical transportation. In air freight, groupage involves combining individual consignments under one master air waybill. The term is more commonly used in European and Asian freight markets and is essentially the air freight equivalent of ocean LCL consolidation.
関連用語: LCL, Consolidator, HAWB
Harmonized System (HS)
An internationally standardized system of names and numbers developed by the World Customs Organization (WCO) to classify traded products. The HS code uses a 6-digit nomenclature that is adopted by over 200 countries. Individual countries extend the code with additional digits for national tariff purposes — the US adds 4 digits to create the 10-digit HTS code.
関連用語: HTS, Commodity Code, Customs Duty
HAWB (House Air Waybill)
An air transport document issued by a freight forwarder to an individual shipper within a consolidated shipment. The HAWB covers the contract of carriage between the forwarder and the shipper, while the Master Air Waybill (MAWB) covers the contract between the forwarder and the airline. Each shipper in a consolidated air shipment receives their own HAWB.
関連用語: MAWB, AWB, Groupage
Heavy Lift
A specialized category of cargo handling involving pieces that exceed the lifting capacity of standard port cranes — typically items over 100 metric tons. Heavy lift operations require specialized vessels, cranes, rigging, and engineering expertise. Common heavy lift cargo includes power plant components, offshore platform modules, and large industrial machinery.
関連用語: Project Cargo, Breakbulk, Flat Rack Container
High Cube Container
A shipping container that is one foot taller than a standard container — standing 9 feet 6 inches (2.89 m) versus the standard 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m). High cube containers are available in 40-foot and 45-foot sizes and are the most commonly used container type for ocean freight. The extra height provides approximately 13% more volume, making them ideal for light, voluminous cargo.
関連用語: Dry Container, FEU, TEU
HTS (Harmonized Tariff Schedule)
The 10-digit product classification system used by US Customs (CBP) to determine import duties, taxes, and eligibility for trade agreements. The first 6 digits follow the international HS (Harmonized System) standard; the last 4 are US-specific. Accurate HTS classification is critical for correct duty payment.
関連用語: HS Code, Country of Origin, Duty
IATA
International Air Transport Association — the trade association for the world's airlines. Sets global standards for air cargo including dangerous goods regulations (IATA DGR), air waybill formats, and freight handling procedures. IATA certification is required for companies handling air cargo.
関連用語: AWB, Dangerous Goods
IMDG Code
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code — the international standard for the safe transport of dangerous goods by sea. Classifies hazardous materials into 9 classes and provides rules for packaging, marking, labeling, and documentation.
関連用語: Dangerous Goods, IATA DGR
Import License
A government document that authorizes the importation of specific goods into a country. Import licenses are required for certain regulated products such as firearms, controlled substances, agricultural products, and certain textiles. In the US, import licenses may be issued by agencies including the ATF, DEA, USDA, and the Department of Commerce.
関連用語: Export License, Customs Entry
In-Bond Transit
The movement of imported goods through a country under customs supervision without payment of duties. In the US, in-bond movements allow cargo to be transported from the port of arrival to an inland customs port, bonded warehouse, or Foreign Trade Zone for examination, storage, or re-export. The goods remain under CBP control until formal entry is made or they leave the country.
関連用語: Bonded Warehouse, Customs Bond, Free Trade Zone
Incoterms
International Commercial Terms — a set of 11 globally recognized rules published by the ICC that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers regarding delivery, costs, risk transfer, and documentation in international trade. Current version: Incoterms 2020.
関連用語: FOB, CIF, DDP, EXW, FCA
Insurance Certificate
A document issued by an insurance company or broker as evidence that a cargo insurance policy is in effect for a specific shipment. The insurance certificate details the policy number, insured value, coverage type (Institute Cargo Clauses A, B, or C), voyage details, and claims procedure. Banks often require an insurance certificate for letter of credit transactions.
関連用語: Cargo Insurance, Marine Insurance, CIF
Intermodal
The use of two or more different modes of transportation (ocean, rail, truck, air) to move cargo from origin to destination in the same container or unit without handling the cargo itself when changing modes. Intermodal transport improves efficiency and reduces handling damage. A typical intermodal shipment might involve ocean transit followed by rail and then truck delivery.
関連用語: Multimodal Transport, Drayage, Door-to-Door
ISF (Importer Security Filing)
A mandatory CBP requirement for all ocean freight imports to the US. Must be filed no later than 24 hours before vessel departure from the last foreign port. Consists of 10 data elements from the importer + 2 from the carrier. Failure to file incurs a $5,000 penalty per violation.
関連用語: CBP, Entry Summary, ISF 10+2
Known Shipper
A designation given by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to a shipper who has established a track record of shipping air cargo and whose identity and business operations have been validated. Cargo from known shippers can undergo less stringent screening compared to unknown shippers. Achieving known shipper status can reduce delays and costs for regular air freight shippers.
関連用語: IATA, AWB, Shipper
Lading
The act of loading cargo onto a vessel, aircraft, or vehicle for transport. The term is derived from the Bill of Lading, which literally means a 'bill of loading.' Lading also refers to the cargo itself that has been loaded. The port of lading is the port where cargo is placed aboard the vessel.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Laden
Laden
Refers to a vessel, container, or vehicle that is loaded with cargo — as opposed to being empty. A laden container is one carrying goods, while an empty or 'MT' container has no cargo inside. Vessel schedules and port statistics often distinguish between laden and empty container movements.
関連用語: Lading, Tare Weight, Gross Weight
LCL (Less Than Container Load)
A shipping arrangement where multiple shippers share space in the same container. Each shipper pays only for the volume (CBM) or weight they use. Consolidated at origin CFS and deconsolidated at destination CFS. Ideal for shipments under 15 CBM.
関連用語: FCL, CFS, Consolidation
Letter of Credit (L/C)
A financial instrument issued by a bank guaranteeing that a seller will receive payment for goods shipped, provided the seller presents documents that comply with the terms and conditions specified in the credit. Letters of credit are commonly used in international trade to mitigate payment risk between buyers and sellers who may not have an established relationship.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Insurance Certificate, Certificate of Origin
Logistics
The overall process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from origin to destination. Logistics encompasses transportation, warehousing, inventory management, order fulfillment, and supply chain coordination. It is a broader discipline than freight forwarding, which focuses specifically on the international transportation segment.
関連用語: Supply Chain, Intermodal, Door-to-Door
LTL (Less Than Truckload)
A domestic freight shipping method where multiple shippers share space on the same truck, each paying only for the portion of the trailer they use. LTL is the ground transport equivalent of ocean LCL. Shipments typically range from 150 lbs to 15,000 lbs and are classified by freight class. LTL carriers operate hub-and-spoke networks with multiple handling points.
関連用語: Freight Class, FTL, Consolidator
Manifest
A comprehensive document listing all cargo carried on a vessel, aircraft, or vehicle for a specific voyage or trip. The manifest includes details of every shipment on board — consignee, shipper, description, weight, and Bill of Lading or Air Waybill number. Carriers are required to submit the manifest electronically to customs authorities before arrival.
関連用語: AMS, Bill of Lading, Carrier
Marine Insurance
A broad category of insurance covering loss or damage to vessels, cargo, terminals, and any transport by which goods are transferred between points of origin and final destination. Marine cargo insurance specifically protects the shipper or consignee against financial loss from damage to or loss of goods during ocean transit. Policies are typically underwritten based on Institute Cargo Clauses.
関連用語: Cargo Insurance, General Average, Insurance Certificate
MAWB (Master Air Waybill)
The air transport document issued by the airline to the freight forwarder or consolidator covering a consolidated shipment. The MAWB represents the contract of carriage between the airline and the forwarder. Individual shippers within the consolidation each receive a House Air Waybill (HAWB) from the forwarder. One MAWB may cover multiple HAWBs.
関連用語: HAWB, AWB, Groupage
MBL (Master Bill of Lading)
The Bill of Lading issued by the actual ocean carrier (shipping line) to the freight forwarder or NVOCC. The freight forwarder in turn issues a House Bill of Lading (HBL) to each individual shipper. The MBL covers the entire consolidated container.
関連用語: HBL, NVOCC, Bill of Lading
Multimodal Transport
The carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport (such as ocean and rail, or air and truck) under a single contract of carriage and a single transport document. Unlike intermodal transport, multimodal transport is covered by one operator who assumes responsibility for the entire journey, regardless of which carriers are involved in each leg.
関連用語: Intermodal, Through Bill of Lading, Door-to-Door
Notify Party
The party listed on the Bill of Lading or Air Waybill who should be notified when the shipment arrives at destination. The notify party is often the consignee, but may also be a customs broker, freight forwarder, or other agent designated to arrange pickup and clearance of the goods. The carrier sends the arrival notice to this party.
関連用語: Consignee, Arrival Notice, Bill of Lading
NRA (Negotiated Rate Arrangement)
A written agreement between an NVOCC and a shipper establishing specific freight rates and terms for ocean cargo. NRAs were introduced by the FMC (Federal Maritime Commission) as a simpler alternative to traditional service contracts. They must be agreed upon before the cargo is received by the carrier and kept on file by the NVOCC for five years.
関連用語: NVOCC, Blanket Rate, GRI
NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)
A freight forwarder or consolidator that issues its own Bills of Lading and takes legal responsibility for cargo without operating its own vessels. NVOCCs must be licensed by the FMC (Federal Maritime Commission) to issue B/Ls for US-related ocean shipments.
関連用語: MBL, HBL, FMC
OBL (Original Bill of Lading)
The original printed Bill of Lading document, typically issued in a set of three originals. The consignee must present at least one original OBL to the carrier's agent at destination to take delivery of the cargo. OBLs are negotiable documents of title and can be endorsed and transferred. They are increasingly being replaced by Telex Release and Sea Waybills for faster cargo release.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Telex Release, Sea Waybill
Open Top Container
A shipping container with no fixed roof, covered instead by a removable tarpaulin. Open top containers allow cargo to be loaded from above using cranes, making them suitable for tall or heavy items that cannot be loaded through standard container doors — such as machinery, marble slabs, or large coils. They are available in 20-foot and 40-foot sizes.
関連用語: Flat Rack Container, High Cube Container, Project Cargo
Origin Agent
A freight forwarder, logistics company, or agent located at the point of shipment origin who handles export formalities, cargo pickup, consolidation, and booking on behalf of the main forwarder or the shipper. The origin agent coordinates with the supplier, arranges local transport, and ensures cargo is properly prepared and documented for export.
関連用語: Shipper, Consolidator, Booking Confirmation
Overweight Container
A container whose gross weight (cargo + container tare weight) exceeds the maximum permitted weight for road transport, which is typically 44,000 lbs (20 metric tons of cargo) for a 20-foot container on US roads. Overweight containers require special permits, dedicated chassis, and may incur additional charges. Some ports charge overweight surcharges, and road regulations vary by state.
関連用語: Gross Weight, Tare Weight, Chassis
Packing List
A shipping document that itemizes the contents of each package in a shipment, including descriptions, quantities, weights, and dimensions. The packing list accompanies the commercial invoice and is used by customs authorities for verification, by the warehouse for receiving, and by the consignee to check the completeness of the delivery. It does not include pricing information.
関連用語: Export Packing List, Commercial Invoice, Customs Entry
Pallet
A flat wooden, plastic, or metal platform used to stack, store, and transport goods. Standard pallet sizes include the US GMA pallet (48" x 40") and the Euro pallet (120 cm x 80 cm). Palletizing cargo improves handling efficiency, reduces damage, and is often required by Amazon FBA, warehouse operators, and carriers for safe loading and unloading.
関連用語: Packing List, Stuffing, Warehouse Receipt
Pier
A structure extending from the shore into the water where vessels dock to load and discharge cargo and passengers. In container shipping, the pier refers to the wharf area of a marine terminal where container cranes operate. 'Pier-to-pier' is a shipping term indicating that the freight rate covers transport from the origin pier to the destination pier only.
関連用語: CY, Terminal Handling Charge, Wharfage
POD (Proof of Delivery)
A document or electronic confirmation signed by the consignee upon receipt of goods, confirming delivery was completed. Includes delivery date, time, consignee signature, and any noted discrepancies. Essential for cargo insurance claims and dispute resolution.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Cargo Insurance
Pre-Shipment Inspection
A quality control check performed on goods at the factory or warehouse before they are shipped to the buyer. Pre-shipment inspections verify product quality, quantity, packaging, labeling, and compliance with buyer specifications. They are especially common for goods sourced from overseas manufacturers and help prevent costly issues at destination.
関連用語: Packing List, Export Packing List
Pro Forma Invoice
A preliminary invoice sent by the seller to the buyer before goods are shipped, providing an estimate of the goods' value, description, quantity, and terms of sale. Pro forma invoices are not a demand for payment but are used by buyers to arrange financing, apply for import licenses, and open letters of credit. They differ from commercial invoices, which are issued after the sale is finalized.
関連用語: Commercial Invoice, Letter of Credit, Incoterms
Purchase Order
A commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller indicating the types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services. In international trade, the purchase order initiates the supply chain process and is referenced throughout the logistics cycle — from factory production through customs clearance to final delivery. PO numbers are used to track and reconcile shipments.
関連用語: Pro Forma Invoice, Packing List
Quarantine
A mandatory isolation period or inspection process imposed by government authorities on imported goods — particularly agricultural products, food items, and live animals — to prevent the introduction of pests, diseases, or contaminants. In the US, the USDA and FDA enforce quarantine requirements. Goods held in quarantine cannot be released until they pass inspection and are deemed compliant.
関連用語: Pre-Shipment Inspection, Customs Entry
Quota
A government-imposed limit on the quantity or value of specific goods that can be imported into a country during a set period. Quotas may be absolute (hard limit, no imports allowed beyond the quota) or tariff-rate (imports above the quota face higher duty rates). Quotas are used to protect domestic industries and are tracked by customs authorities.
関連用語: Customs Duty, Import License, HTS
Reefer Container
A temperature-controlled shipping container equipped with a built-in refrigeration unit used to transport perishable goods such as food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals that require a specific temperature range during transit. Reefer containers can maintain temperatures from -30°C to +30°C and must be connected to a power source at all times — on the vessel, at the terminal, and on the truck chassis.
関連用語: Dry Container, High Cube Container, FCL
Release Order
An authorization document issued by the carrier, customs, or a freight forwarder permitting the release of cargo to the consignee or their agent. In ocean freight, the release order is issued after all outstanding freight charges are paid and the original Bill of Lading is surrendered (or Telex Release is confirmed). In customs, a release order is issued after the entry is cleared and duties are paid.
関連用語: Delivery Order, Customs Entry, Bill of Lading
Ro-Ro (Roll-on/Roll-off)
A type of vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo — vehicles, machinery, and self-propelled equipment — that can be driven or rolled on and off the ship using a ramp. RoRo vessels are commonly used for cars, trucks, construction equipment, and military vehicles.
関連用語: Project Cargo, Breakbulk
Routing Order
Instructions issued by the buyer (or their freight forwarder) to the seller specifying how the goods should be shipped — including the carrier, port of loading, vessel, and shipping date. Routing orders are typically issued under FOB or FCA terms where the buyer controls the freight. They ensure that the seller ships goods via the buyer's preferred logistics chain.
関連用語: FOB, FCA, Booking Confirmation
Said to Contain
A clause on a Bill of Lading indicating that the carrier is relying on the shipper's declaration of the cargo contents and has not independently verified what is inside the container or packages. The abbreviation 'STC' protects the carrier from liability for discrepancies between the declared and actual contents. It is standard practice for FCL shipments where the shipper loads and seals the container.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, FCL, Shipper
Sea Waybill
A non-negotiable ocean transport document that serves as a receipt of goods and contract of carriage but is not a document of title. Unlike a Bill of Lading, the sea waybill does not need to be presented at destination for cargo release — the named consignee simply identifies themselves to collect the goods. Sea waybills offer faster release and are used between trusted trading partners.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Telex Release, OBL
Shipper
The party who sends or ships goods — also known as the consignor. The shipper is named on the Bill of Lading or Air Waybill as the sender and is responsible for preparing the cargo, providing accurate documentation, and delivering goods to the carrier or their agent. The shipper may be the manufacturer, exporter, or a trading company.
関連用語: Consignee, Bill of Lading, FOB
Shipping Mark
Identifying marks, numbers, or symbols printed or stenciled on the exterior of cargo packages for identification during transport and handling. Standard shipping marks include the consignee's name or reference, destination port, package number (e.g., 1/20), country of origin, and handling instructions (e.g., 'Fragile' or 'This Side Up'). Marks must match the information on the packing list and Bill of Lading.
関連用語: Packing List, Bill of Lading
SLI (Shipper's Letter of Instruction)
A document provided by the shipper to the freight forwarder containing detailed instructions on how to handle and ship the cargo. The SLI includes information such as the consignee, notify party, shipping method, insurance requirements, special handling instructions, and documentation needs. It serves as the shipper's authorization for the forwarder to act on their behalf.
関連用語: Shipper, Booking Confirmation, AWB
SOC (Shipper-Owned Container)
A shipping container owned or leased by the shipper rather than the ocean carrier. Using a shipper-owned container eliminates demurrage and detention charges since the shipper controls the equipment. SOC arrangements are common for trade routes with equipment imbalances or for specialized containers. The shipper is responsible for maintenance, positioning, and return of the container.
関連用語: Demurrage, Detention, FCL
Stuffing
The process of loading cargo into a shipping container. Stuffing can occur at the shipper's factory, a container freight station (CFS), or a warehouse. Proper stuffing requires attention to weight distribution, securing cargo to prevent shifting, and maximizing space utilization. The reverse process — unloading a container — is called stripping or destuffing.
関連用語: CFS, CLP, FCL
Surcharge
An additional fee charged by carriers on top of the base freight rate to cover specific costs or circumstances. Common surcharges include BAF (bunker adjustment), CAF (currency adjustment), peak season surcharge (PSS), port congestion surcharge, war risk surcharge, and low sulfur surcharge (LSS). Surcharges can significantly increase the total freight cost beyond the quoted base rate.
関連用語: BAF, CAF, GRI
Switch Bill of Lading
A second set of Bills of Lading issued to replace the original set, typically with different shipper, consignee, or port details. Switch B/Ls are used in triangular trade where an intermediary (trader or middleman) does not want the buyer to know the original supplier or the supplier to know the final buyer. The process requires the surrender of the original B/Ls before the switch set is issued.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, OBL
Tare Weight
The weight of an empty container, trailer, or packaging material without any cargo. Tare weight is subtracted from the gross weight to determine the net weight of the goods. For a standard 20-foot container, the tare weight is approximately 2,300 kg; for a 40-foot container, approximately 3,750 kg. Tare weight is stamped on the container door and is needed for VGM (Verified Gross Mass) declarations.
関連用語: Gross Weight, TEU, Overweight Container
Telex Release
An authorization from the shipper to the carrier to release cargo to the consignee at destination without requiring presentation of original Bills of Lading. Faster and safer than Original B/L for trusted trading partners. The carrier receives confirmation from the origin office and releases the cargo electronically.
関連用語: Bill of Lading, Express B/L
Terminal Handling Charge (THC)
A fee charged by the port terminal for handling the container — loading/unloading from the vessel, storage within the terminal yard, and administrative processing. THC varies by port and is charged at both origin and destination. It is separate from ocean freight.
関連用語: Port Charges, BAF
TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit)
The standard unit for measuring container capacity and shipping volume. One TEU = one 20-foot container. A 40-foot container equals 2 TEUs. Used by ports, shipping lines, and forwarders to measure cargo volumes and vessel capacities.
関連用語: FCL, Container
Through Bill of Lading
A single Bill of Lading that covers the entire journey of goods from origin to final destination, even when multiple carriers or transport modes are involved. The through B/L simplifies documentation for the shipper by providing one contract covering all legs of the journey. The issuing carrier or forwarder assumes responsibility for the entire transit under the terms of the through B/L.
関連用語: Multimodal Transport, Bill of Lading, Intermodal
Transit Time
The total number of days required for cargo to travel from the port or airport of origin to the port or airport of destination. Transit time does not include the time for customs clearance, drayage, or final delivery unless specified as door-to-door transit. Transit times vary by trade lane, carrier, routing (direct vs. transshipment), and mode of transport.
関連用語: ETA, ETD, Transshipment
Transshipment
The transfer of cargo from one vessel or vehicle to another at an intermediate port or point during its journey from origin to destination. Transshipment is common in ocean freight when there is no direct service between two ports — cargo is discharged at a hub port and loaded onto a connecting vessel. Transshipment adds transit time but enables access to a wider range of destinations.
関連用語: Feeder Vessel, Transit Time, Vessel
Trusted Trader
A designation given to importers and exporters who have been vetted and certified by customs authorities as low-risk, compliant traders. In the US, the C-TPAT (Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism) program provides trusted trader benefits including expedited processing, fewer inspections, and priority treatment. Similar programs exist worldwide under the WCO's AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) framework.
関連用語: Known Shipper, Customs Entry, In-Bond Transit
Underwriter
An insurance company or syndicate (such as Lloyd's of London) that evaluates, prices, and assumes the financial risk of insuring cargo, vessels, or other marine interests. The underwriter assesses the risk profile of the shipment — including commodity type, trade route, packaging, and vessel age — to determine the premium rate and policy terms.
関連用語: Cargo Insurance, Marine Insurance, Insurance Certificate
USMCA
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement — the trade agreement that replaced NAFTA in 2020, governing trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada. USMCA provides preferential (reduced or zero) tariff rates for goods that meet specific rules of origin requirements. Importers must have a valid USMCA certification of origin to claim preferential duty treatment.
関連用語: Certificate of Origin, Customs Duty, Free Trade Zone
Vessel
A ship or large watercraft used for transporting cargo across oceans and waterways. In container shipping, the main vessel types are container ships (measured in TEU capacity), bulk carriers, tankers, and RoRo vessels. Modern ultra-large container vessels (ULCVs) can carry over 24,000 TEUs. Vessel details — including name, IMO number, and voyage number — appear on the Bill of Lading.
関連用語: Voyage Number, Carrier, Feeder Vessel
Volumetric Weight
Also called 'dimensional weight' — a pricing technique used in air freight where the freight charge is based on the volume of the cargo rather than its actual weight, if the volume-based weight is higher. Calculated as (L×W×H in cm) ÷ 6000 for air freight. Airlines charge whichever is higher: actual weight or volumetric weight.
関連用語: CBM, AWB
Voyage Number
A unique reference number assigned by the shipping line to identify a specific sailing of a vessel on a particular route. The voyage number appears on the Bill of Lading, booking confirmation, and vessel schedule. It is used to track the specific trip and distinguish it from other sailings of the same vessel.
関連用語: Vessel, Bill of Lading, ETD
Warehouse Receipt
A document issued by a warehouse operator acknowledging receipt of goods for storage. The warehouse receipt details the type, quantity, and condition of the goods received. It serves as proof of storage and may be used as collateral for financing. In bonded warehousing, the receipt is also tied to customs supervision of the stored goods.
関連用語: Bonded Warehouse, Pallet, Delivery Order
Waybill
A non-negotiable transport document that serves as a receipt for goods and a contract of carriage but does not confer title to the goods. Waybills exist for all transport modes: Air Waybill (AWB) for air, Sea Waybill for ocean, and road or rail waybill for ground transport. Because waybills are non-negotiable, the named consignee can collect goods upon identification without presenting the original document.
関連用語: AWB, Sea Waybill, Bill of Lading
Weight Certificate
An official document certifying the weight of a shipment, issued by an independent surveyor, public weighbridge, or authorized inspection company. Weight certificates are required for certain commodities (particularly bulk goods), for VGM (Verified Gross Mass) compliance, and may be requested by customs, buyers, or insurance companies to verify declared weights.
関連用語: Gross Weight, Tare Weight
Wharfage
A fee charged by the port authority or terminal operator for the use of wharf facilities — including the pier, dock, and associated infrastructure — when loading or discharging cargo. Wharfage is typically assessed per container or per ton of cargo and is separate from the Terminal Handling Charge. It is a standard component of port costs for both import and export shipments.
関連用語: Terminal Handling Charge, Pier, Surcharge
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